This session will examine the vulnerability of Ghana’s Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) sector to exploitation by serious organised crime (SOC), highlighting key SOC types linked to the industry. It will present findings from the UK-Ghana Gold Programme (UKGGP) and the Ghana Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), shedding light on the scale of gold-based illicit financial flows (IFFs) and gold smuggling, and their impact on the Ghanaian state. The session will also explore practical strategies to reduce ASGM’s exposure to SOC and IFFs, with a focus on improved law enforcement, active citizen participation, and enhanced civil society engagement.